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Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia
Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia is a method for treating patients who have lost the ability to speak after a stroke or accident. Non-fluent aphasia, also called expressive aphasia, is a neurological disorder that deprives patients of the ability to express language. It is usually caused by stroke or lesions in Broca’s area, which is a language-dominant area responsible for speech production in the left hemisphere. However, lesions in Broca’s area only affects patients’ speech ability, while their ability to sing remains unaffected.〔Hébert, S., Racette, A., Gagnon, L., & Peretz, I. (2003). Revisiting the dissociation between singing and speaking in expressive aphasia. ''Brain'', ''126''(8), 1838–1850. doi:10.1093/brain/awg186〕〔Racette, A., Bard, C., & Peretz, I. (2006). Making non-fluent aphasics speak: sing along! ''Brain'', ''129''(10), 2571–2584. doi:10.1093/brain/awl250〕 Since several studies have shown that right hemispheric regions are more active during singing,〔Jeffries, K. J., Fritz, J. B., & Braun, a R. (2003). Words in melody: an H(2)15O PET study of brain activation during singing and speaking. ''Neuroreport'', ''14''(5), 749–754. doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000066198.94941.a4〕〔Ozdemir, E., Norton, A., & Schlaug, G. (2006). Shared and distinct neural correlates of singing and speaking. ''NeuroImage'', ''33''(2), 628–635. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.013〕〔Callan, D. E., Tsytsarev, V., Hanakawa, T., Callan, A. M., Katsuhara, M., Fukuyama, H., & Turner, R. (2006). Song and speech: brain regions involved with perception and covert production. ''NeuroImage'', ''31''(3), 1327–1342. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.036〕 music therapy involving melodic elements is deemed to be a potential treatment for non-fluent aphasia, as singing might activate patients’ right hemisphere to compensate with their lesioned left hemisphere.〔Zipse, L., Norton, a, Marchina, S., & Schlaug, G. (2009). Singing versus Speaking in Nonfluent Aphasia. ''NeuroImage'', ''47'', S119. doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(09)71121-8〕〔Schlaug, G., Norton, A., & Marchina, S. (2010). From singing to speaking: facilitating recovery from nonfluent aphasia. ''Future Neurology'', ''5''(5), 657–665. Retrieved from http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/fnl.10.44〕 Aside from singing, many other music therapy techniques have also been attempted and the effectiveness of some techniques is shown. Although there are many possible explanations for the mechanism of music therapy, the underlying mechanism remains unclear, as some studies indicate contradictory results.〔Belin, P., Zilbovicius, M., Remy, P., Francois, C., Guillaume, S., Chain, F., Samson, Y. (1996). Recovery from nonfluent aphasia after melodic intonation therapy: A PET study. ''Neurology'', ''47''(6), 1504–1511. doi:10.1212/WNL.47.6.1504〕〔Breier, J. I., Randle, S., Maher, L. M., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2010). Changes in maps of language activity activation following melodic intonation therapy using magnetoencephalography: two case studies. ''Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology'', ''32''(3), 309–314. doi:10.1080/13803390903029293〕〔Van de Sandt-Koenderman, M., Smits, M., van der Meulen, I., Visch-Brink, E., van der Lugt, A., & Ribbers, G. (2010). A Case Study of Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) in the Subacute Stage of Aphasia: Early Re-re activation of Left Hemisphere Structures. ''Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences'', ''6'', 241–243. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.08.121〕〔Van der Meulen, I., van de Sandt-Koenderman, M. E., & Ribbers, G. M. (2012). Melodic Intonation Therapy: present controversies and future opportunities. ''Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation'', ''93''(1), S46–S52. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.05.029〕
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